* Geography and Demography: Al-Biruni describes the geography of India, including its mountains, rivers, and climate. He discusses various regions, their inhabitants, and their customs. He notes the size and population of the country, though his estimations are naturally limited by the technology of the time.
* Religion and Philosophy: A significant portion of the book is dedicated to the religious and philosophical systems of India. He meticulously details Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and other religious practices, including their beliefs, rituals, and social structures. He shows remarkable understanding and respect for these systems, often engaging critically but fairly with their doctrines.
* Social Customs and Practices: Al-Biruni provides insightful observations on Indian social customs, including marriage, family life, caste systems, and social hierarchies. He doesn't shy away from criticizing practices he found objectionable, but he also attempts to understand them within their cultural context.
* Law and Governance: He describes the legal systems prevalent in different parts of India, the administration of justice, and the political structures of the various kingdoms he encountered.
* Astronomy and Mathematics: Being a renowned scientist himself, Al-Biruni also documents Indian advancements in astronomy and mathematics. He compares Indian astronomical systems with those of the Greeks and Arabs, showing a keen interest in their mathematical methods and astronomical calculations.
* Medicine and Science: He touches upon the state of Indian medical knowledge and scientific practices, comparing them with those of his own time and region.
* Natural History: The book contains descriptions of Indian flora and fauna, reflecting the natural world he observed.
* Weights and Measures: Al-Biruni meticulously documented the different systems of weights and measures used across India, demonstrating his commitment to accurate and detailed observation.
Crucially, Al-Biruni's approach is markedly different from many other accounts of India from that period. He strives for objectivity, attempting to understand Indian society from the inside, translating and interpreting Sanskrit texts, and engaging directly with Indian scholars. While acknowledging his own cultural perspective, he presents a multifaceted and relatively unbiased view, making *Kitab al-Hind* a cornerstone of historical scholarship on India.