- Papyrus is an ancient writing material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, which is native to Egypt. Papyrus was used as a writing material in Egypt from the 4th millennium BC until the 10th century AD.
- Vellum is a type of parchment made from the skin of calves, goats, or sheep. Vellum was used as a writing material in Europe from the 13th to the 16th century.
- Parchment is a type of writing material made from the skin of sheep, goats, or calves. Parchment was used as a writing material in Europe from the 2nd century BC until the 15th century AD.