Worldbuilding:
* Secondary world: A fully realized fictional world with its own geography, history, cultures, languages, and rules (often different from our own physics and logic). This is a core element distinguishing fantasy from other genres.
* Magic system: A defined system of magic, whether it's subtle and mysterious or overt and powerful. Consistent internal logic within the magic system is crucial.
* Mythology and folklore: Borrowing from, adapting, or creating original mythologies and folklore that shape the world and its inhabitants.
* Unique creatures: Fantastic beasts, monsters, and other beings that don't exist in the real world, often with their own societies and behaviors.
* High fantasy vs. Low fantasy: High fantasy often features grand epics, powerful magic, and vast landscapes, while low fantasy integrates fantastical elements into a more realistic setting.
Plot and Characters:
* Quests and journeys: Protagonists often embark on quests to overcome obstacles, defeat evil, or achieve a specific goal.
* Good vs. Evil: A common theme, though not always simplistic. Moral ambiguity and complex characters are increasingly prevalent in modern fantasy.
* Prophecies and destiny: Characters might be bound by prophecies or have a predetermined destiny to fulfill.
* Archetypal characters: While complexity is valued, fantasy often features archetypes such as the hero, the villain, the wise mentor, and the damsel in distress (though this last is increasingly subverted).
* Supernatural powers and abilities: Characters may possess magical abilities, superhuman strength, or other exceptional powers.
Themes:
* Coming-of-age: Many fantasy narratives focus on a character's journey of self-discovery and growth.
* The nature of good and evil: Exploring the complexities of morality and the blurred lines between light and darkness.
* Power and corruption: The corrupting influence of power is a frequently explored theme.
* Freedom versus oppression: Stories often involve struggles for liberty and against tyrannical rulers or forces.
* Love and loss: Relationships, both romantic and platonic, are crucial to many fantasy narratives.
It's important to note that these characteristics aren't always present in every fantasy work. The genre is diverse and constantly evolving, with authors experimenting with new approaches and subgenres. However, these elements commonly contribute to the definition of what constitutes a fantasy narrative.