1. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Tom Sawyer refers to Huckleberry Finn as his "bosom friend," alluding to the title and protagonist of Mark Twain's later and more famous novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
2. Robin Hood: Tom and Huckleberry pretend to be Robin Hood and his Merry Men, reenacting the adventures and heroics of the legendary outlaw from English folklore.
3. King Arthur: Tom and his friends engage in role-playing games, imagining themselves as knights of the Round Table, a reference to the legendary King Arthur and his court.
4. The Swiss Family Robinson: When Tom, Huck, and Jim get stranded on an island, they reenact the story of The Swiss Family Robinson, a popular 18th-century novel about a family shipwrecked on an island.
5. The Pirate's Own Book: Tom and Huck find a copy of The Pirate's Own Book, an actual book published in 1837 that contained tales and instructions on piracy.
6. Pilgrim's Progress: In Chapter XIX, Tom's aunt compares him to the protagonist of John Bunyan's allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress, suggesting that Tom must overcome obstacles to find spiritual growth.
7. William Tell: Tom makes an allusion to the legendary Swiss figure, William Tell, known for his marksmanship and defiance against authority, when he challenges Huckleberry Finn to shoot a target.
8. Greek and Roman Mythology: Tom and his friends use classical names like "Mars" and "Hercules" when playing make-believe, referencing Greek and Roman gods.
9. The Bible: Aunt Polly makes several biblical references, such as quoting Proverbs and comparing Tom's mischief to the story of the Prodigal Son.
These are just some examples of the many allusions found in Tom Sawyer. They reflect Mark Twain's extensive knowledge of literature, history, and cultural references of his time, which he skillfully incorporates into the story.