* _The Vicar of Wakefield_ (1766): While ostensibly a sentimental novel, it subtly satirizes various aspects of 18th-century English society. The character of Mr. Burchell, for instance, is a masterful satiric creation. He appears as a simple, humble man but is revealed to have far greater knowledge and wisdom, highlighting the superficiality of judging people based on appearances and social standing. The novel also satirizes the vanity and folly of the wealthy, as seen in the character of Squire Thornhill and his extravagant lifestyle. Even the seemingly idyllic rural setting is presented with a hint of irony, exposing some of the realities of rural life and the limitations of its idealized image.
* _She Stoops to Conquer_ (1773): This comedy satirizes the artificiality of romantic conventions and the misunderstandings arising from social pretense. The mistaken identity plot, with young Marlow's bashfulness towards refined ladies and his ease with the seemingly "lower-class" Miss Hardcastle, satirizes societal class distinctions and expectations of courtship. The play also pokes fun at sentimental comedy and the unrealistic portrayal of romantic relationships prevalent in the theater of that time.
* _The Citizen of the World_ (1762): This series of letters purportedly written by a Chinese philosopher observing English society provides a satirical lens through which to examine English customs and manners. The narrator's naive observations (which are actually Goldsmith's insightful commentary) expose the hypocrisy, prejudice, and eccentricities of English life. He critiques the social structures, political systems, and philosophical trends of England by presenting them through the eyes of an outsider, making their flaws more apparent. The satire is often quite subtle, relying on gentle irony and understatement.
* "Retaliation" (1774): This poem is a collection of satirical epitaphs on Goldsmith's friends, including David Garrick and Edmund Burke. While affectionate in tone, the poems subtly highlight the flaws and foibles of these well-known figures, using wit and playful exaggeration to create a humorous and memorable portrait.
In summary, Goldsmith's satire is characterized by:
* Gentle irony and humor: He avoids harsh condemnation, preferring to use wit and understatement to convey his points.
* Observational detail: His satire is rooted in his keen observation of human behavior and social conventions.
* Subtlety: His satirical points are often implied rather than explicitly stated.
* Humanity: Despite his critical eye, he usually shows empathy and understanding for the characters he satirizes.
His satirical works are less about outright condemnation and more about gentle mockery aimed at prompting reflection and self-awareness in his readers.