* Situational Irony: This is perhaps the most prevalent type of irony in the novel. The core of the situational irony revolves around the relationship between John and Lorraine and Mr. Pignati. They initially exploit Mr. Pignati's kindness and naiveté, using him for their own amusement and gain (money and a place to party). The very act of their deception, however, ultimately leads to their profound emotional growth and understanding of the consequences of their actions. The "fun" they initially sought leads to deep sadness and regret, a direct contrast to their expectations. The unexpected death of Mr. Pignati, caused partly by their actions, is a devastating example of situational irony. They sought to exploit his kindness, only to be left with its crushing absence.
* Dramatic Irony: The reader is often aware of things the characters are not. For instance, we know that Mr. Pignati's health is deteriorating, while John and Lorraine remain largely oblivious to the seriousness of his condition until it's too late. This creates tension and underscores the tragedy of their unwitting contribution to his demise. We also know, earlier in the book, that their deception is unsustainable, even as the characters remain blissfully (or perhaps willfully) unaware of the ethical implications of their actions.
* Verbal Irony (Sarcasm): While less prominent than situational and dramatic irony, there are instances of verbal irony, particularly in the interactions between John and Lorraine themselves. Their cynical and often sarcastic remarks about the world and about Mr. Pignati, even as they are benefiting from his generosity, highlight the complexity of their personalities and their developing awareness of their own behavior. The contrast between what they say and what they truly feel contributes to the overall ironic effect.
The irony in *The Pigman* isn't merely for comedic effect; it serves to deepen the novel's exploration of themes such as responsibility, grief, the complexities of adolescence, and the bittersweet nature of life and death. The ironic situations highlight the gap between intention and consequence, a crucial element in the characters' coming-of-age journey.