* A hard-boiled protagonist: This character is often a detective, a private investigator, or a morally ambiguous figure operating outside the law. They are typically cynical, world-weary, and driven by personal motives rather than a strong sense of justice. They are often flawed and anti-heroic.
* A dark and gritty setting: Noir stories are frequently set in urban environments, usually at night, filled with rain, shadows, and a sense of decay. The setting itself becomes a character, reflecting the bleakness of the narrative. Think smoky bars, dimly lit alleyways, and corrupt institutions.
* Moral ambiguity: There are rarely clear-cut heroes or villains. Characters operate in a gray area, making morally questionable choices driven by self-interest or desperation. Right and wrong are blurred.
* Cynical and pessimistic worldview: Noir emphasizes the bleakness and corruption of society. Hope is often absent, replaced by a sense of disillusionment and despair. Characters are often trapped by their circumstances or their own flaws.
* A focus on crime and violence: While not always overtly graphic, crime and violence are central themes. These acts are often presented as inevitable consequences of a corrupt and morally bankrupt world.
* Use of symbolism and foreshadowing: Noir often uses symbolism (e.g., rain representing sadness or cleansing) and foreshadowing to create suspense and a sense of impending doom.
* First-person narration (often): While not exclusive, many noir stories are told from the perspective of the protagonist, adding to the intimate and cynical tone. This allows the reader direct access to the protagonist's thoughts and feelings, contributing to the sense of moral ambiguity.
* Tough, terse prose: The writing style is characterized by short, sharp sentences, direct language, and a hard-boiled, no-nonsense approach. Dialogue is often gritty and realistic.
Examples of noir themes include: betrayal, double-crossing, femme fatales (dangerous and alluring women), existential angst, and the consequences of past actions. Think Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe or Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade. The style extends beyond just detective fiction and can be found in other genres, influencing film, literature, and even visual art.