Shakespearean Sonnet:
* Rhyme Scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. This means the first two lines rhyme (A), the third and fourth rhyme (B), and so on, culminating in a final rhyming couplet (GG).
* Structure: 14 lines in total, divided into three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final couplet. The quatrains often develop a theme or argument, with the couplet providing a resolution, twist, or summary.
* Meter: Iambic pentameter – a line consisting of five "iambs," which are pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables (da-DUM). This creates a rhythmic flow.
Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet:
* Rhyme Scheme: ABBAABBA CDECDE (or variations, like CDCDCD).
* Structure: 14 lines divided into an octave (eight-line stanza) and a sestet (six-line stanza). The octave typically presents a problem or question, while the sestet offers a resolution, answer, or reflection.
* Meter: Also typically iambic pentameter.
Key Differences Summarized:
| Feature | Shakespearean Sonnet | Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet |
|----------------|-----------------------|---------------------------|
| Rhyme Scheme | ABAB CDCD EFEF GG | ABBAABBA CDECDE (or variations) |
| Structure | 3 Quatrains + Couplet | Octave + Sestet |
| Volta (Turn) | Often in the couplet, or sometimes between quatrains | Usually between the octave and sestet |
Beyond structure, the *themes* and *language* of sonnets also changed over time. While Petrarchan sonnets frequently focused on courtly love, idealized beauty, and philosophical reflections, Shakespeare's sonnets addressed a broader range of topics, including time, mortality, beauty's transience, friendship, and even self-doubt – showing a more complex and introspective approach. His language is also often considered more direct and less ornate than some of the earlier, more formal styles.
It's important to note that there was evolution *within* each sonnet form over time. Shakespeare's sonnets, for example, show some variation in their strict adherence to iambic pentameter and rhyme scheme. However, the fundamental structural differences highlighted above remain the defining characteristics distinguishing the two major types of sonnets.