Subject matter that is considered to be controversial or taboo: Books that address topics such as sexuality, violence, political critique, or religious viewpoints that do not adhere to the mainstream can attract attention and even elicit hostile responses from readers. Due to the fact that these topics can provoke strong feelings or disagreement, they run the risk of offending or provoking some people.
Language and style: The use of language and style that is regarded as being vulgar, inappropriate, or offensive can contribute to the shock value of a book. Language that is considered to be derogatory, profane, or sexually explicit falls under this category.
Challenge to traditional values or worldviews: Books that critique or defy common societal values, religious ideas, or existing power structures may generate controversy and be considered as being unsettling. Books that do this may have the effect of making people think about their fundamental beliefs and values, which can cause them to experience feelings of discomfort or anger.
Artistic techniques: Some authors employ avant-garde narrative strategies, such as experimental forms, ambiguous symbolism, or metafictional elements, which may result in readers experiencing a sense of confusion, disorientation, or perplexity.
Socio-political context: Books that critique present power dynamics, social inequalities, or political authority can prompt debate, censorship, or even retaliation. This may be the case particularly within oppressive regimes or nations in which freedom of expression is suppressed.
It is essential to keep in mind that what constitutes shocking or provocative content varies based on the social and cultural context in which it is viewed, and that what is considered to be shocking or provocative in one culture may not be considered to be so in another.